Contents
ジュネーブで6月30日から開かれていたシリア作業グループ会合は閉幕声明（ジュネーブ合意）を発表して閉幕した。
閉幕声明は、一方でアサド大統領を含む現政権の退陣に関して明記せず、また他方で紛争の軍事化拒否を明示することで反体制武装集団とアサド政権の双方に暴力停止を等しく求めたことで、ロシア、中国、イラクの要求がほぼ満額で反映され、米英仏、カタール、トルコ、クウェートは実質的に譲歩を強いられたかたちとなった。
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ジュネーブ合意の骨子は以下の通り:
1. 行政権を完全に有する移行期統治機関を発足する。
2. シリア政府はアナン特使停戦案と暫定移行計画実施のため、特使の要請のもと対話を行う実質的代表を指名する。
3. 移行期統治機関はアサド政権と反体制勢力からなり、当事者間の総意に基づき発足する。
4. シリア社会のすべての当事者が国民対話のプロセスに参加する。
5. 憲法の再検討および法改革を行い、その結果はシリア国民の合意に委ね、再検討・改革のちに自由選挙を実施する。
6. 司法のもとで被害者の補償を行う。
7. すべての当事者がアナン特使の停戦案を改めて支持し、暴力、発砲を停止し、UNSMISに協力する。
8. シリア作業グループは紛争の軍事化をめざす集団に反対する。
9. 反体制勢力は停戦案および暫定移行計画の実行のため実質的な代表者を指名すべく結束を図る。
英語全文（http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Syria/FinalCommuniqueActionGroupforSyria.pdf）は以下の通り:
Action Group for Syria
Final Communiqué 30/06/2012
1. On 30 June 2012, the Secretaries-General of the United Nations and the League of Arab States, the Foreign Ministers of China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey, Iraq （Chair of the Summit of the League of Arab States）, Kuwait （Chair of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the League of Arab States） and Qatar （Chair of the Arab Follow-up Committee on Syria of the League of Arab States）, and the European Union High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy met at the United Nations Office at Geneva as the Action Group for Syria, chaired by the Joint Special Envoy of the United Nations and the League of Arab States for Syria.
2. Action Group members came together out of grave alarm at the situation in Syria. They strongly condemn the continued and escalating killing, destruction and human rights abuses. They are deeply concerned at the failure to protect civilians, the intensification of the violence, the potential for even deeper conflict in the country, and the regional dimensions of the problem. The unacceptable nature and magnitude of the crisis demands a common position and joint international action.
3. Action Group members are committed to the sovereignty, independence, national unity and territorial integrity of Syria. They are determined to work urgently and intensively to bring about an end to the violence and human rights abuses and the launch of a Syrian-led political process leading to a transition that meets the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people and enables them independently and democratically to determine their own future.
4. To secure these common objectives, the Action Group members （i） identified steps and measures by the parties to secure full implementation of the six-point plan and Security Council resolutions 2042 and 2043, including an immediate cessation of violence in all its forms; （ii） agreed on guidelines and principles for a political transition that meets the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people; and （iii） agreed on actions they would take to implement the above in support of the Joint Special Envoy’s efforts to facilitate a Syrian-led political process. They are convinced that this can encourage and support progress on the ground and will help to facilitate and support a Syrian-led transition.
Identified steps and measures by the parties to secure full implementation of the six-point plan and Security Council resolutions 2042 and 2043, including an immediate cessation of violence in all its forms
5. The parties must fully implement the six-point plan and Security Council resolutions 2042 and 2043. To this end:
A – All parties must re-commit to a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms and implementation of the six-point plan immediately and without waiting for the actions of others. The government and armed opposition groups must cooperate with UNSMIS with a view to furthering the implementation of the above in accordance with its mandate.
B – A cessation of armed violence must be sustained with immediate, credible and visible actions by the Government of Syria to implement the other items of the six-point plan including:
a – Intensification of the pace and scale of release of arbitrarily detained persons, including especially vulnerable categories of persons, and persons involved in peaceful political activities; provision without delay through appropriate channels of a list of all places in which such persons are being detained; the immediate organization of access to such locations; and the provision through appropriate channels of prompt responses to all written requests for information, access or release regarding such persons;
b – Ensuring freedom of movement throughout the country for journalists and a non-discriminatory visa policy for them;
c – Respecting freedom of association and the right to demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.
C – In all circumstances, all parties must show full respect for UNSMIS’ safety and security and fully cooperate with and facilitate the Mission in all respects.
D – In all circumstances, the Government must allow immediate and full humanitarian access to humanitarian organizations to all areas affected by the fighting. The Government and all parties must enable the evacuation of the wounded, and all civilians who wish to leave to do so. All parties must fully adhere to their obligations under international law, including in relation to the protection of civilians.
Agreed Principles and Guide-lines for a Syrian-led transition
6. Action Group members agreed on the following ‘Principles and Guide-lines on a Syrian-led transition’:
Any political settlement must deliver to the people of Syria a transition that:
• Offers a perspective for the future that can be shared by all in Syria;
• Establishes clear steps according to a firm time-table towards the realization of that perspective;
• Can be implemented in a climate of safety for all, stability and calm;
• Is reached rapidly without further bloodshed and violence and is credible.
I. Perspective for the Future
The aspirations of the people of Syria have been clearly expressed by the wide range of Syrians consulted. There is an overwhelming wish for a state that:
• Is genuinely democratic and pluralistic, giving space to established and newly emerging political actors to compete fairly and equally in elections. This also means that the commitment to multi-party democracy must be a lasting one, going beyond an initial round of elections.
• Complies with international standards on human rights, the independence of the judiciary, accountability of those in government and the rule of law. It is not enough just to enunciate such a commitment. There must be mechanisms available to the people to ensure that these commitments are kept by those in authority.
• Offers equal opportunities and chances for all. There is no room for sectarianism or discrimination on ethnic, religious, linguistic or any other grounds. Numerically smaller communities must be assured that their rights will be respected.
II. Clear Steps in the Transition
The conflict in Syria will only end when all sides are assured that there is a peaceful way towards a common future for all in Syria. It is therefore essential that any settlement provides for clear and irreversible steps in the transition according to a fixed time frame. The key steps in any transition include:
• The establishment of a transitional governing body which can establish a neutral environment in which the transition can take place. That means that the transitional governing body would exercise full executive powers. It could include members of the present government and the opposition and other groups and shall be formed on the basis of mutual consent.
• It is for the Syrian people to determine the future of the country. All groups and segments of society in Syria must be enabled to participate in a National Dialogue process. That process must not only be inclusive, it must also be meaningful—that is to say, its key outcomes must be implemented.
• On this basis, there can be a review of the constitutional order and the legal system. The result of constitutional drafting would be subject to popular approval.
• Once the new constitutional order is established, it is necessary to prepare for and conduct free and fair multi-party elections for the new institutions and offices that have been established.
• Women must be fully represented in all aspects of the transition.
III. Safety, stability and calm
Any transition involves change. However, it is essential to ensure that the transition can be implemented in a way that assures the safety of all in an atmosphere of stability and calm. This requires:
• Consolidation of full calm and stability. All parties must cooperate with the transitional governing body in ensuring the permanent cessation of violence. This includes completion of withdrawals and addressing the issue of the disarming, demobilization and reintegration of armed groups.
• Effective steps to ensure that vulnerable groups are protected and immediate action is taken to address humanitarian issues in areas of need. It is also necessary to ensure that the release of the detained is completed rapidly.
• Continuity of governmental institutions and qualified staff. The public services must be preserved or restored. This includes the military forces and security services. However, all governmental institutions, including the intelligence services, have to perform according to human rights and professional standards and operate under a top leadership that inspires public confidence, under the control of the transitional governing body.
• Commitment to Accountability and National Reconciliation. Accountability for acts committed during the present conflict must be addressed. There also needs to be a comprehensive package for transitional justice, including compensation or rehabilitation for victims of the present conflict, steps towards national reconciliation and forgiveness.
IV. Rapid steps to come to a Credible Political Agreement
It is for the people of Syria to come to a political agreement, but time is running out. It is clear that:
• The sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of Syria must be respected.
• The conflict must be resolved through peaceful dialogue and negotiation alone. Conditions conducive to a political settlement must now be put in place.
• There must be an end to bloodshed. All parties must re-commit themselves credibly to the six-point plan. This must include a cessation of armed violence in all its forms and immediate, credible and visible actions to implement items 2-6 of the six-point plan.
• All parties must now engage genuinely with the Joint Special Envoy. The parties must be prepared to put forward effective interlocutors to work expeditiously towards a Syrian-led settlement that meets the legitimate aspirations of the people. The process must be fully inclusive to ensure that the views of all segments of Syrian society are heard in shaping the political settlement for the transition. The organized international community, including the members of the Action Group stands ready to offer significant support for the implementation of an agreement reached by the parties. This may include an international assistance presence under a United Nations Mandate if requested. Significant funds will be available to support reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Agreed actions Group members will take to implement the above in support of the Joint Special Envoy’s efforts to facilitate a Syrian-led political process
7. Action Group members will engage as appropriate, and apply joint and sustained pressure on, the parties in Syria to take the steps and measures outlined in paragraph 5.
8. Action Group members are opposed to any further militarization of the conflict.
9. Action Group members underscore to the Government of Syria the importance of the appointment of an effective empowered interlocutor, when requested by the Joint Special Envoy to do so, to work on the basis of the six-point plan and this communiqué.
10. Action Group members urge the opposition to increase cohesion and be in a position to ensure effective representative interlocutors to work on the basis of the six- point plan and this communiqué.
11. Action Group members will give full support to the Joint Special Envoy and his team as they immediately engage the Government and opposition, and consult widely with Syrian society, as well as other international actors, to further develop the way forward.
12. Action Group members would welcome the Joint Special Envoy’s further convening of a meeting of the Action Group should he deem it necessary to review the concrete progress taken on all points agreed in this communiqué, and to determine what further and additional steps and actions are needed from the Action Group to address the crisis. The Joint Special Envoy will also keep the United Nations and the League of Arab States informed.
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ロシアのセルゲイ・ラブロフ外務大臣は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、アサド大統領が退任しなければならないと明記されておらず、挙国一致政府からいかなる集団も排除することも条件とはなっていないと述べた。
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ヒラリー・クリントン米国務長官は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明が、アサド大統領に退任を求める明白なメッセージである点を強調、「アサドは去らねばならないだろう」と述べた。
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イラクのホシェリ・ゼバリ外務大臣は、『ハヤート』（7月2日付）に対して、「会合では、ロシアとアメリカがシリアの政治的転換プロセスに関して何らかの相互理解に達したような空気だった」と述べた。
またロシアがアサド大統領の退任に同意したか否かに関して、ゼバリ外務大臣は、米国とロシアが「移行プロセスをめぐって意見の対立はなかった。しかし制御が失われないよう充分検討されたプロセスをもって転換は行われねばならない。サラフィー主義者やムスリム同胞団が権力を掌握してはならないということだ」と付言した。
一方、イラク政府がアサド政権を支持しているとの見方に関しては、「まったく正しくない…。我々はシリアと断交していないが…、シリア政府に武器も、石油も、資金も供与していない」と否定しつつ、「シリアでの転換後に我々の国境に紛争が波及することを恐れている」と述べた。
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イランのホセイン・エミール・アブドゥッラフヤーン外務副大臣は、イラン国営テレビ（7月1日付）に対して、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、米露の緊張が激化し…成功しなかった」と述べた。
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トルコ軍参謀本部は、インターネットで声明を出し、6月30日にシリア軍ヘリコプター複数機がハタイ県（シリア領アレキサンドレッタ地方）の国境に3度接近し、F16戦闘機をスクランブル発進させたと発表した。
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エジプトのムスリム同胞団は、「野蛮な犯罪者であるシリア政府が犯した虐殺」を強く非難し、国際社会に「シリア国民に対する攻撃にあらゆる手段で対抗」するよう呼びかけた。
『バアス』（7月1日付）は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、「失敗に終わった」と評し、「会合は…安保理の域を脱しておらず、出席者の立場はこれまで通りだった…。シリア危機は、シリア国民の見解に依拠しない限り成功したと記され得ない」と指摘した。
またシリア国内各紙も同様に、シリア作業グループ会合に否定的な社説を掲載した。
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『ハヤート』（7月2日付）によると、ハーリド・アッブード人民議会は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、「シリア人とは関係がない」と非難、「紛争はシリア人のみによって解決され得るものであり、外国勢力の介入によっては解決しない」と述べた。
ダマスカス郊外県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ダーライヤー市で迫撃砲弾により4人が死亡、タッル市では軍・治安部隊と反体制武装集団の戦闘で1人が死亡した。
ドゥーマー市では、軍・治安部隊と反体制武装集団の戦闘で、反体制武装集団兵士1人が殺害された。
またミスラーバー市、ムウダミーヤト・シャーム市などでも軍・治安部隊の砲撃・掃討作戦が行われたが、死傷者はなかった。
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ダイル・ザウル県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ダイル・ザウル市で軍・治安部隊と反体制武装集団が交戦し、反体制武装集団の戦闘員複数が死亡した。
一方、SANA（7月1日付）によると、ダイル・ザウル市内で治安維持部隊と武装テロ集団が交戦し、テロリスト多数が死亡した。
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ダルアー県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ヒルバト・ガザーラ町に対する砲撃で子供2人が死亡した。
また『クッルナー・シュラカー』（7月1日付）は、ダルアー県内の反体制武装集団が占拠・籠城する地域にシリア空軍が武装蜂起と投降を呼びかける治安維持部隊のビラを投下した、と報じた。
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ハマー県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ハルファーヤー市近郊に展開する軍・治安部隊の発砲により女性2人を含む5人が死亡した。
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アレッポ県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ダーラト・イッザ市で軍・治安部隊と反体制武装集団が交戦し、反体制武装集団の戦闘員1人が死亡した。
また軍・治安部隊がアターリブ市から撤退した。反体制武装集団が同市を占拠したことを受けた撤退だという。
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ヒムス県では、シリア人権監視団によると、ヒムス市ジャウラト・シヤーフ地区に対する軍・治安部隊の砲撃で3人が死亡した。また軍・治安部隊によって殺害されたと思われる遺体2体が発見された。
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BBC（7月1日付）は、武装したシリア人女性が反体制運動に参加している映像を放映した。
シリア国民評議会のバスマ・カドマーニー女史は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、「肯定的な要素を一部含むが、重要な点に関しては漠然としており…きわめて曖昧だ」と述べた。
カドマーニー女史は「肯定的な要素」として、「アサド家がもやは国を統治できず、移行期間を指導することもできないことを閉幕声明が示した」点、そして「転換がシリア国民の合法的な要求に合致しなければならない、とすることで、アサド大統領の退任を表現した」点をあげた。
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一方、シリア国民評議会のブルハーン・ガルユーン前事務局長はフェイスブック（7月1日付）で、声明を「茶番」と批判する一方、アラビーア（7月1日付）で、カドマーニー女史の声明が「シリア評議会の公式の立場を代表していない」と批判した。
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その後、シリア国民評議会は声明を出し、シリア作業グループ会合の声明を「行動のための明確なしくみや期限が明記されておらず、政府による弾圧の責任を追及しないまま放置している」と批判した。
そのうえで、国連憲章第7章に基づいて、安保理が国際的な強制力を行使し、政権への制裁などを含む措置を実行しない限り不充分だと主張した。
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地元調整諸委員会は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、「国際社会の失敗の一連の一つ」と非難した。
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ハイサム・マーリフ弁護士は、シリア作業グループ会合の声明に関して、「惨劇だ…。彼らは殺人者と交渉の席に着くよう求めている」と批判した。
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『クッルナー・シュラカー』（7月1日付）は、当局が、カイロで開催（7月2～3日）されるシリア反体制勢力大会への出席を予定していた、ファーイク・フワイジャ弁護士、バッサーム・ユースフ氏などの出国を禁止した、と報じた。
AFP, July 1, 2012, July 2, 2012、Akhbar al-Sharq, July 1, 2012, July 2,
2012、Alarabia.net, July 1, 2012、al-Baʻth, July 1, 2012、BBC, July 1, 2012、al-Hayat, July 1, 2012、July 2, 2012、Kull-na Shurakaʼ, July 1, 2012, July 3, 2012、Naharnet.com,
July 1, 2012、Reuters, July 1, 2012, July 2, 2012、SANA, July 1, 2012などをもとに作成。
（C）青山弘之 All rights reserved.
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