国連安保理は、シリア国境経由（クロスボーダー）で反体制派支配地域への国連関連機関による人道支援を定めた安保理決議第2165号（2014年7月14日、http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/2165）の有効期間を2020年1月まで延長することを定めた決議案（スウェーデンとクウェートが共同提出）を常任理事国・非常任理事国13カ国の賛成で可決し、安保理決議第2449号として発効した。
ロシアと中国は採決を棄権した。
ロシアのワシーリー・ネベンジャ国連大使は、トルコ、ヨルダン、そしてイラクからの反体制派支配地域への人道支援を認めたこの決議が、ヨルダンとの国境地域がシリア政府の支配下に復帰、それ以外の国内の情勢も変化したことで、時代錯誤となったと非難、「シリアで安定化の傾向が強まっていることは否定し得ない事実だ…。さまざまな問題はあるが、人道状況の改善に向けた前向きな措置がとられている…。今は重大な場面にあり、国際社会はシリア人が荒廃を克服するために支援の手を差し伸べ、自発的に帰国を決意した人々が普通に暮らせるようにする必要がある」と主張し、投票を棄権した。
中国の馬朝旭国連大使も、シリアに対する国際支援が「中立、公平、そして非政治化の原則を厳密に守るべき」と述べ、棄権した。
これに対して、英国のカレン・ピース国連大使は「アサド政権は…シリア人数百万人に不可欠な人道支援を行うための環境を整備することができないだけでなく、支援を戦争の武器として利用し続けている」と批判した。
また、マーク・ローコック国連人道問題事務次長は会合で「クロスボーダーでの支援は、それ以外の手段では支援できないシリア人数百万人にとって重要なライフラインとなる」と述べ、継続を呼びかけた。
安保理決議第2165号に基づく国境経由での人道支援の期間が延長されるのは、第2191号（2014年12月17日――2016年1月10日まで延長）、第2332号（2016年12月21日――2018年1月10日まで延長）、第2393号（2017年12月19日――2019年1月10日まで延長）に続いて4度目。
安保理決議第2165号では、周辺諸国の同意とシリア政府への通告（同意は不要）がなされれば、反体制派の支配下にあるバーブ・サラーマ国境通行所（アレッポ県）、バーブ・ハワー国境通行所（イドリブ県）、ラムサー国境通行所（ダルアー県）、西クルディスタン移行期民政局（ロジャヴァ）の支配下にあるヤアルビーヤ国境通行所（ハサカ県）を経由して人道支援を行うことができる旨、定められている。
ロイター通信（12月14日付）などが伝えた。
**
安保理決議第2165号の全文は以下の通り:
The full text of resolution 2449 （2018） reads as follows:
“The Security Council,
“Recalling its resolutions 2042 （2012）, 2043 （2012）, 2118 （2013）, 2139 （2014）, 2165 （2014）, 2175 （2014）, 2191 （2014）, 2209 （2015）, 2235 （2015）, 2254 （2015）, 2258 （2015）, 2268 （2016）, 2286 （2016）, 2332 （2016）, 2336 （2016）, 2393 （2017） and 2401 （2018） and its Presidential Statements of 3 August 2011 （S/PRST/2011/16）, 21 March 2012 （S/PRST/2012/6）, 5 April 2012 （S/PRST/2012/10）, 2 October 2013 （S/PRST/2013/15）, 24 April 2015 （S/PRST/2015/10） and 17 August 2015 （S/PRST/2015/15）,
“Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of Syria and to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,
“Expressing outrage at the unacceptable level of violence and the killing of hundreds of thousands of people, including tens of thousands of child casualties, as a result of the Syrian conflict,
“Reiterating its grave distress at the continued devastating humanitarian situation in Syria and at the fact that urgent humanitarian assistance, including medical assistance, is required by more than 13 million people in Syria, of whom 6.2 million are internally displaced, including Palestine refugees, and more than 1 million people are still living in hard-to-reach areas,
“Gravely concerned at the insufficient implementation of its resolutions 2139 （2014）, 2165 （2014）, 2191 （2014）, 2258 （2015） , 2332 （2016）, 2393 （2017） and 2401 （2018） and recalling in this regard the legal obligations of all parties under international humanitarian law and international human rights law, as well as all the relevant decisions of the Security Council, including by ceasing all attacks against civilians and civilian objects, including those involving attacks on schools and medical facilities, the indiscriminate use of weapons, including artillery, barrel bombs and air strikes, indiscriminate shelling by mortars, car bombs, suicide attacks and tunnel bombs, as well as the widespread use of torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary executions, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, sexual and gender-based violence, as well as all grave violations and abuses committed against children,
“Noting the progress made in taking back areas of Syria from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant （ISIL, also known as Daesh） and Al-Nusrah Front （ANF） but expressing its grave concern that areas remain under their control and about the negative impact of their presence, violent extremist ideology and actions on stability in Syria and the region, including the devastating humanitarian impact on the civilian populations which has led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and the unlawful destruction of cultural heritage, reaffirming its resolve to address all aspects of the threat posed by ISIL （also known as Daesh）, ANF and all other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with Al-Qaida and other terrorist groups, as determined by the United Nations Security Council and as may further be agreed by the International Syria Support Group （ISSG） and endorsed by the UN Security Council and calling for the full implementation of Security Council resolutions 2170 （2014）, 2178 （2014）, 2199 （2015）, 2249 （2015）, 2253 （2015）, 2347 （2017）, 2354 （2017）, 2368 （2017） and 2370 （2017）,
“Expressing grave concern also at the movement of foreign terrorist fighters and other terrorists and terrorist groups into and out of Syria and reiterating its call on all States to take steps, consistent with international law, to prevent and suppress the flow of foreign terrorist fighters to ISIL, ANF and all other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with ISIL or Al-Qaida and other terrorist groups, as determined by the United Nations Security Council, and as may further be agreed by the International Syria Support Group （ISSG） and endorsed by the UN Security Council,
“Reaffirming that Member States must ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights law, international refugee law and international humanitarian law,
“Reaffirming the primary responsibility of the Syrian authorities to protect the population in Syria and reiterating that parties to armed conflict must take all feasible steps to protect civilians and recalling in this regard its demand that all parties to armed conflict comply fully with the obligations applicable to them under international law related to the protection of civilians in armed conflict, including journalists, media professionals and associated personnel,
“Reiterating its strong condemnation of all forms of violence and intimidation to which those participating in humanitarian operations are continue to be exposed, as well as attacks on humanitarian convoys and acts of destruction and looting of their assets and its urging of all parties involved in an armed conflict to promote the safety, security and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel, including medical personnel and humanitarian personnel exclusively engaged in medical duties and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets, expressing its ongoing admiration at the dedication and commitment of the Syrian Red Crescent volunteers and other humanitarian workers operating in deeply challenging conditions and urging all parties to take all appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of United Nations and associated personnel, those of its specialised agencies and all other personnel engaged in humanitarian relief activities,
“Noting that the United Nations and their implementing partners reached on average 5.4 million people with humanitarian aid each month in 2018 and that life-saving assistance delivered across borders represented a vital part of this, including the delivery of food assistance for on average 1 million people every month in 2018; and since the start of operations in 2014, non-food items for 6 million people; health assistance through 25 million treatments and water and sanitation supplies for over 5 million people,
“Reiterating its grave concern at all instances of hindrances to the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance, noting that ISIL （also known as Daesh）, ANF and all other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with Al-Qaida, are hindering the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance and are responsible for preventing aid delivery through deliberate interference and obstruction,
“Reiterating further its grave concern at the continuing impediments to the delivery of sustained, needs-based humanitarian assistance across the country through the most direct routes, including to hard-to-reach areas and across conflict lines,
“Expressing grave concern that access to medical care continues to be severely restricted and reiterating the need to respect the principle of medical neutrality, facilitate free passage to all areas for medical personnel, equipment, transport and supplies, including surgical items,
“Reaffirming the need to support the United Nations and their implementing partners in their efforts to expand the delivery of humanitarian assistance to reach all people in need in Syria and further reaffirming its decision in resolution 2165 （2014） that all Syrian parties to the conflict shall enable the immediate and unhindered delivery of humanitarian assistance directly to people throughout Syria, by the United Nations and their implementing partners, on the basis of United Nations assessments of need and devoid of any political prejudices and aims, including by immediately removing all impediments to the provision of humanitarian assistance,
“Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General of 19 June 2018 （S/2018/617） on the Review of the United Nations Cross-Border Operations and further taking note of ongoing efforts to implement the recommendations contained therein, and stressing the need to ensure that the delivery of humanitarian aid and services, including at the stage of distribution, is impartial, non-discriminatory and needs-based and that those most in need are beneficiaries of such aid and services, without misappropriation,
“Expressing its appreciation for the work of the United Nations monitoring mechanism in monitoring shipments and confirming their humanitarian nature, in accordance with resolutions 2165 （2014）, 2191 （2014）, 2258 （2015）, 2332 （2016） and 2393 （2017） and commending the mechanism’s efforts in facilitating cross-border delivery of humanitarian aid by the United Nations and their implementing partners, emphasising the importance to further robust monitoring of the humanitarian nature of UN relief consignments and their delivery inside Syria and encouraging the United Nations and their implementing partners to continue to take steps to scale up humanitarian deliveries throughout the country, notably into hard-to-reach areas,
“Reiterating the need for all parties to respect and uphold the relevant provisions of international humanitarian law and the United Nations guiding principles of humanitarian emergency assistance, emphasising the importance of upholding the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence, in the provision of humanitarian assistance and recalling also the importance of humanitarian deliveries reaching their intended beneficiaries,
“Noting the role that ceasefire agreements which are consistent with humanitarian principles and international humanitarian law can play in facilitating the delivery of humanitarian assistance in order to help save civilian lives, reiterating its call upon all parties to respect and fulfil their commitments to existing ceasefire agreements, as well as the full implementation of resolution 2268 （2016） and 2401 （2018）, as a step towards a comprehensive nation-wide ceasefire and emphasising that humanitarian access must be part of these efforts in accordance with international humanitarian law,
“Expressing grave concern at the more than 5.6 million refugees, including more than 4.2 million women and children, who have fled Syria as a result of ongoing violence,
“Reiterating its deep appreciation for the significant and admirable efforts that have been made by the countries of the region, notably Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, to accommodate Syrian refugees and mindful of the immense costs and social challenges incurred by these countries as a consequence of the crisis,
“Recalling the need to create conditions throughout the country and facilitate the safe, voluntary and dignified return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their home areas in Syria, in accordance with international law, including applicable provisions of the Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, taking into account the interests of those countries hosting refugees,
“Calling upon the international community to increase their assistance to Syria by providing additional humanitarian aid, noting with concern that the international response to the Syrian and regional crisis continues to fall short of meeting the needs as assessed by host governments and the United Nations, therefore urging once again all Member States, based on burden-sharing principles, to support the United Nations and the countries of the region, including by adopting medium and long-term responses to alleviate the impact on communities, providing increased, flexible and predictable funding as well as increasing resettlement efforts and noting the second conference on supporting the future of Syria and the region held in Brussels in April 2018, co-chaired by the European Union and the United Nations,
“Calling for humanitarian mine action to be accelerated as a matter of urgency throughout Syria,
“Strongly condemning the arbitrary detention and torture of individuals in Syria, notably in prisons and detention facilities, as well as the kidnappings, abductions, hostage-taking and forced disappearances and demanding the immediate end of these practices and the release of all arbitrarily detained persons starting with women and children, as well as sick, wounded, persons with disabilities and elderly persons and United Nations and humanitarian personnel and journalists,
“Noting with grave concern that impunity in Syria contributes to widespread violations and abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law, stressing the need to end impunity for these violations and abuses and re-emphasising in this regard that those who have committed or are otherwise responsible for such violations and abuses in Syria must be brought to justice,
“Emphasising that the humanitarian situation will continue to deteriorate further in the absence of a political solution to the Syrian conflict in line with resolution 2254 （2015） and calling upon all parties to make progress in this regard and to undertake confidence-building measures and recognising the efforts by the Office of the UN Special Envoy and the international community, including within the Astana framework, to advance the early release of any arbitrarily detained persons, particularly women and children, and handover of the bodies as well as the identification of missing persons,
“Determining that the devastating humanitarian situation in Syria continues to constitute a threat to peace and security in the region,
“Underscoring that Member States are obligated under Article 25 of the Charter of the United Nations to accept and carry out the Council’s decisions,
“1. Calls upon all parties to ensure principled, sustained and improved humanitarian assistance to Syria in 2019;
“2. Reiterates its demand that all parties, in particular the Syrian authorities, immediately comply with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law as applicable and further demands the full and immediate implementation of all provisions of all relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 2139 （2014）, 2165 （2014）, 2191 （2014）, 2258 （2015）, 2332 （2016）, 2393 （2017） and 2401 （2018） and recalls that some of the violations and abuses committed in Syria may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity;
“3. Decides to renew the decisions in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Security Council resolution 2165 （2014） for a further period of twelve months, that is, until 10 January 2020;
“4. Further demands that all parties allow safe, unimpeded and sustained access for United Nations’ and their implementing partners’ humanitarian convoys, including medical and surgical supplies, to all requested areas and populations according to United Nations’ assessment of need in all parts of Syria;
“5. Reiterates that the situation will continue to deteriorate further in the absence of a political solution to the Syrian conflict and recalls its demand for the full and immediate implementation of resolution 2254 （2015） to facilitate a Syrian-led and Syrian-owned political transition, in accordance with the Geneva Communiqué as set forth in the ISSG Statements, in order to end the conflict in Syria and stresses again that the Syrian people will decide the future of Syria;
“6. Requests the Secretary-General to brief the Council monthly and to provide a report on a regular basis, at least every 60 days, on the implementation of resolutions 2139 （2014）, 2165 （2014）, 2191 （2014）, 2258 （2015）, 2332 （2016）, 2393 （2017）, 2401 （2018） and this resolution and on compliance by all relevant parties in Syria and further requests the Secretary-General to continue to include in his reports overall trends in UN cross-line and cross-border humanitarian access and detailed information on the humanitarian assistance delivered through UN humanitarian cross-border operations as authorised by resolution 2165 （2014）, including on the number of beneficiaries, locations of aid deliveries at district-level and the volume and nature of items delivered;
“7. Reaffirms that it will take further measures under the Charter of the United Nations in the event of non-compliance with this resolution or resolutions 2139 （2014）, 2165 （2014） and 2191 （2014）, 2258 （2015）, 2332 （2016）, 2393 （2017） and 2401 （2018）;
“8. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.”
AFP, December 14, 2018、ANHA, December 14, 2018、AP, December 14, 2018、al-Durar al-Shamiya, December 14, 2018、al-Hayat, December 15, 2018、Reuters, December 14, 2018、SANA, December 14, 2018、UPI, December 14, 2018などをもとに作成。
（C）青山弘之 All rights reserved.
